Published since 1884 by the Society for the Study of Addiction.
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
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Mecamylamine did not reduce alcohol consumption significantly in either treatment-seeking smokers or non-smokers with alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractConduct disorder and self-harming impulsivity are the foremost risk traits for alcohol use disorder among the 80 personality disorder criteria of DSM-IV.
Link to AbstractThere is a strong association between serious economic problems in adult life and risk of alcohol use disorders.
Link to AbstractAmong UK civil servants, alcohol consumption within baseline drinking categories is generally stable during the life-course, except among heavier baseline drinkers, for whom intakes decline with increasing age.
Link to AbstractIn the US, childhood trauma (individual types and total number experienced) is significantly associated with marijuana and cocaine use throughout life.
Link to AbstractThe severity of symptoms in people attending US emergency departments because of prescription opioid overdose varied widely with the type of opioid and was worse in substance misusers and older patients.
Link to AbstractIn the US, self-identified chronic pain patients (CPP) at higher risk for opioid misuse are more likely to report willingness to try a novel analgesic despite increasing addiction risk than CPP with low risk of opioid misuse.
Link to AbstractIn Scotland, uptake of hepatitis B virus vaccination among people in the community who inject drugs has increased since the 1999 introduction of universal prison vaccination.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, men spend more than women on gambling relative to net income. Those on lower incomes spend proportionately more of their income on gambling than those on higher incomes.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers who do not seek treatment to help them stop, those who succeed in stopping appear to have a lower tendency to act on impulse and inhibit thoughts than those who continue to smoke.
Link to AbstractAmong US adults, interest in using a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product is low overall, and highest among current experimental and established smokers.
Link to AbstractLife-time healthcare costs of German smokers appear to be substantially greater than those of German nonsmokers.
Link to AbstractHousing First programmes in Canada for people who are experiencing homelessness and mental illness are equally effective in people with and without comorbid substance use disorder (SUD).
Link to AbstractCoffee-related genetic risk scores could be used as instrumental variables indexing combined coffee and tea consumption in Mendelian randomization studies.
Link to AbstractThe number of symptoms related to high alcohol intake and smoking appears to account for the positive association between alcohol consumption and early death.
Link to AbstractTo decrease hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence and prevalence in rural Indiana, USA, by 90% by 2025/30, both HCV treatment and prevention interventions must be increased.
Link to AbstractEvidence is inconclusive for using nalmefene, naltrexone, acamprosate, baclofen or topiramate to control drinking in patients with alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractScientists who find non-significant results should calculate a Bayes factor to determine if there is evidence for a null hypothesis over an alternative hypothesis or that more data are needed.
Link to AbstractAlcohol consumption in France appears to cause almost 8% of new cancer cases, with light and moderate drinking contributing appreciably to this burden.
Link to AbstractAdolescent cannabis use does not cause a decline in IQ, even when that use reaches dependence.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone does not appear to reduce methamphetamine use or sexual risk behaviors among methamphetamine-dependent men who have sex with men.
Link to AbstractDrug addiction recovery services in England commissioned on a payment-by-results basis tend to have lower rates of treatment initiation and completion but higher rates of in-treatment abstinence and non-injecting than other services.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, moderate- to high-risk gamblers appear to have a stronger tendency than non-problem gamblers to show an 'approach' tendency in a laboratory task to gambling-related pictures compared with neutral pictures. This gambling approach bias has been found to predict persistence in gambling behaviour over time.
Link to AbstractDepressed smokers experience more exposure to stress, longer-lasting post-stress affective disturbance and greater risk of smoking relapse after stress than non-depressed smokers.
Link to AbstractIn English stop-smoking services, the advantage of varenicline over nicotine replacement therapy is lower in pharmacy and GP settings than in specialist clinics.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette use among young adults is not significantly associated with later conventional smoking, either directly or through nicotine dependence.
Link to AbstractParental alcohol use disorders and parental separation predict increased risk of early alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and sexual debut in offspring from high-risk families.
Link to AbstractIf the World Health Organization's web-based self-help program, Alcohol e-Health, is found to be effective, its potential public health impact in countries with underdeveloped alcohol prevention and alcohol use disorder treatment systems is considerable.
Link to AbstractA proposed complex systems paradigm for research into alcohol misuse can transcend limitations of traditional approaches and lead to high-leverage preventive interventions.
Link to AbstractCommunity-based system dynamics modeling can provide powerful tools for policy and intervention decisions in alcohol misuse prevention.
Link to AbstractMeasuring recovery from problem gambling needs to go beyond assessing gambling behaviour to encompass other aspects of people's wellbeing and functioning.
Link to AbstractThe October 2011 implementation of the Alcohol Act in Scotland was not clearly associated with a reduction in alcohol-related deaths or hospital admissions in the 3-year period after implementation.
Link to AbstractA brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational intervention for young adults did not produce reductions in binge alcohol, marijuana use or dual use days relative to a control condition.
Link to AbstractThe decline in cannabis use in Australia from 2001 to 2013 occurred largely among higher socio-economic status groups.
Link to AbstractNon-prescribed psychoactive drugs are commonly found at postmortem in drug poisoning deaths in Finland, with history of drug abuse being a major contributing factor.
Link to AbstractMarijuana use in the US has risen steeply since 2005, but not because of the liberalization of marijuana policies in some states.
Link to AbstractA concentrated 2mg intranasal naloxone spray delivers naloxone as effectively, over the critical first 15 minutes, as the standard 0.4mg intramuscular (IM) naloxone injection.
Link to AbstractPerceived addiction to internet pornography seems to be more strongly related to moral concerns around pornography use than to the amount of daily use.
Link to AbstractThree independent chromosome 19 signals account for ~20% of the variability in the nicotine metabolite ratio in African American smokers; knowledge of these may help to develop genomics-based personalization of tobacco dependence treatment.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, the peak age of smoking initiation (16 years) has not shifted despite new youth access laws.
Link to AbstractA behavioral activation group treatment for substance use (LETS ACT) appears to increase the likelihood of abstinence and reduce adverse consequences from substance use up to 12 months post-treatment.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution therapy reduces risk of hepatitis C acquisition and is strengthened in combination with needle and syringe programmes.
Link to AbstractA wide range of socio-demographic, relationship, social, smoking-related, pregnancy-related, health and psychological factors have been found to predict smoking cessation in pregnancy.
Link to AbstractAlmost one in 10 presentations to emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand are alcohol related.
Link to AbstractA web-based alcohol intervention, administered with or without guidance, significantly reduced drinking and improved mental health and work-related outcomes in the German working population.
Link to AbstractA community organizing intervention, Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA), is effective in reducing availability of alcohol to underage youth in the US.
Link to AbstractCanadians with prior convictions and opioid dependence appear to commit fewer crimes when they are receiving methadone treatment compared with no methadone treatment.
Link to AbstractAmong Australian methamphetamine-dependent people, elevated impulsivity (acting without sufficient deliberation) predicts lower improvement of social and psychological quality of life in the first 6-9 weeks of treatment.
Link to AbstractHealth care providers in the US who typically do not prescribe large volumes of opioids frequently prescribe opioids to patients at high risk of opioid misuse.
Link to AbstractNeither cumulative nor current marijuana use is associated with liver attenuation or total abdominal, visceral, subcutaneous, or intermuscular fat in mid-life.
Link to AbstractThe incidence of problem gambling relapse in Sweden is likely to be higher than estimated and in future is likely to include higher proportions of women and older adults.
Link to AbstractTo increase attendance at NHS Stop Smoking Services, a tailored letter and taster session in the services is likely to be more cost-effective than a generic letter in the long term.
Link to AbstractWhile cigarette smoking has declined in the U.S. for the past several decades, it has increased since 2002 among people with substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractIn a Norwegian prospective cohort study, 'hard-to-reach' polysubstance users had a more than 10 times higher mortality risk than the general population.
Link to AbstractAmong Norwegian adolescents, there appear to be strong genetic effects on both substance-specific and comorbid use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco; individual differences in alcohol use can be explained partially by family background.
Link to AbstractIn the US, sexual minority women are more likely, and sexual minority men are equally likely, to drink at standard and high-intensity binge drinking levels as their heterosexual counterparts.
Link to AbstractAs genetic variants associated with addictive behaviours are identified, the potential for Mendelian randomization analyses will grow.
Link to AbstractThe proportion of smokers who use smoking cessation medications who benefit from doing so decreases during the course of the first year, but a net benefit still remains at 12 months.
Link to AbstractExcessive drinkers in England with greater motivation to reduce consumption are more likely to report an attempt to reduce during the next 6 months, but on average this does not appear to translate to reduced consumption.
Link to AbstractAn estimated 19.5% of car occupant deaths in Mexico in 2010-13 may have been caused by alcohol.
Link to AbstractBetween 1980 and 2014, alcohol-related mortality declined in both East and West Germany but started earlier in West Germany. This difference can partly be explained by different drinking patterns before and changes in the health care system after the reunification.
Link to AbstractMarijuana use appears to be associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, but only among those who have ever used tobacco.
Link to AbstractAmong adult incident stimulant medication users in the VA health-care system (2001 to 2012), comorbid substance use disorders were common and were risk factors for development of an amphetamine use disorder (AUD).
Link to AbstractIn Germany, direct-acting antiviral treatment can achieve equally high sustained virological response rates among former or current drug users and patients with no history of drug use.
Link to AbstractIn treatment of problem gambling in New Zealand, brief telephone interventions are associated with reductions in days spent gambling and dollars lost that are similar to more intensive interventions.
Link to AbstractHigher disposable e-cigarette prices appear to be associated with reduced e-cigarette use among adolescents in the US.
Link to AbstractSocial context plays an important role in smoking-related decision-making and simulated social contexts have potential for the study of context-related decision-making in addiction.
Link to AbstractThe smoking cessation websites WebQuit.org and Smokefree.gov have similar 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates at 12 months.
Link to AbstractAssociations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and substance use/substance use disorders (SU/SUDs) are often bidirectional, but not all types of SU/SUDs are associated with PEs.
Link to AbstractPeople released from prison in Queensland, Australia are at increased risk of death, due particularly to drug-related causes. Those at greatest risk have poor physical and mental health and a history of risky substance use.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, opioid-dependent people transferred to an alternative treatment provider for continuation of their OST experience high overdose mortality rates, especially within the first month.
Link to AbstractSynthesis of the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that US medical marijuana laws (MMLs) up to 2014 have led to increases in adolescent marijuana use prevalence.
Link to AbstractTelevision advertisements on the harms of drinking increase intentions to reduce drinking among both low- and high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractPopulation-directed policies designed to reduce alcohol availability and promotion may reduce adolescents' alcohol use.
Link to AbstractMortality risk and excess mortality are significantly greater among those with cocaine and opiates use disorder than among people with only cocaine use disorder or cocaine and alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractIn Mexico, recent involuntary drug treatment is a risk factor for non-fatal drug overdose among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractRecruitment of participants for clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for illicit opioid use could be improved if researchers became better at explaining clinical trials to potential participants. A checklist of issues to consider when designing trials is proposed.
Link to AbstractLongitudinal associations between cannabis use and perception of risks from cannabis use are reciprocal, with a stronger association between cannabis use and lower subsequent risk perception.
Link to AbstractThe five-item Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS) will be useful for mental health services wanting to screen for any level of gambling problem.
Link to AbstractVarenicline prescription in UK primary care does not appear to increase likelihood of death, myocardial infarction or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over the following 2 years compared with NRT, but may cause more weight gain and reduce primary care attendance possibly through increased smoking cessation rates.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, socio-economic disparities in smoking in pregnancy are attributable primarily to differences in the mother's educational level (low versus high) and orientation (vocational versus general).
Link to AbstractWastewater-based epidemiology can be used to evaluate the geographic, temporal and weekly profiles of nicotine and alcohol consumption in different communities nationally.
Link to AbstractDiminished alternative reinforcement may be a modifiable mechanism linking early adolescent conduct problems and subsequent marijuana use.
Link to AbstractThe economic model, EQUIPTMOD, provides an invaluable tool for assessment of the return on investment of policies aimed at promoting smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractParameter estimates for the effectiveness and reach of interventions that increase population quit-smoking attempt and success rates can contribute to ROI estimates in support of national or regional policy decisions.
Link to AbstractCosts of treating smoking-attributable diseases and implementing smoking cessation interventions vary substantially across Hungary, Netherlands, Germany, Spain and England. Cost estimates can contribute to return on investment estimates in support of national or regional policy decisions.
Link to AbstractCountries with limited research time and resources can adapt the EQUIPTMOD return-on-investment model to their own settings by collecting data on a small number of model inputs.
Link to AbstractIncreasing the reach of group-based behavioural support, financial incentives and varenicline for smoking cessation by just 1% of current annual quit attempts would be a cost-effective way to improve the population's health outcomes.
Link to AbstractAccording to the EQUIPTMOD modelling tool it would be cost-effective for Spain to expand the reach of existing GP brief interventions for smoking cessation, provide pro-active telephone support, and reimburse smoking cessation medication.
Link to AbstractAccording to the EQUIPTMOD modelling tool, it would be cost-effective for Hungary to start a social marketing campaign and double the reach of current group-based behavioural support therapies and proactive telephone support for smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractProviding internet-based smoking cessation interventions to complement the current provision of smoking cessation services could be a cost-saving policy option in the Netherlands.
Link to AbstractCurrent provision of smoking cessation services in the Netherlands and England can benefit economically from the inclusion of cytisine and increasing the reach of brief physician advice, text-messaging support and group-based therapy.
Link to AbstractMany people who intend to start extended-release naltrexone do not do so, and most who do start discontinue treatment prematurely.
Link to AbstractInternational drug treaties will need reform as more countries legalise cannabis.
Link to AbstractA new method for modelling country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use shows that lower-income countries have a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries.
Link to AbstractAn agent-based simulation model suggests that restricting trading hours of licensed venues reduces rates of alcohol-related harm and extending trading hours of bottle shops increases rates of alcohol-related harm.
Link to AbstractDrinking frequency is associated positively with mortality among men and women in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. The mortality risk is higher among frequent drinkers who exhibit binge and hazardous drinking patterns.
Link to AbstractInjectable hydromorphone appears to provide similar outcomes to injectable diacetylmorphine and might provide greater benefit than methadone alone as well as being costâsaving.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine use is associated with an increase in being sexually active, having multiple and casual sex partners, and having condomless sex with casual partners, but is not associated with a change in condom use per se.
Link to AbstractTwo national cohorts of women (Czech Republic and Norway) receiving opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy showed small but not statistically significant differences in neonatal outcomes in favour of buprenorphine compared with methadone.
Link to AbstractAmong adult smokers in the US, Canada, UK and Australia, factors associated with smoking relapse differ between the early and later stages of quit attempts, suggesting relapse determinants change as a function of abstinence duration.
Link to AbstractIn England, maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with increased child health-care costs over the first 5 years of life, driven primarily by greater hospital in-patient care.
Link to AbstractFrom 1999 to 2015 European adolescents showed strong decreasing trends in cigarette use and moderate decreases in alcohol use. Cannabis use increased in southern Europe and the Balkans.
Link to AbstractTwo-sample Mendelian randomization analyses (which can test for causal effects in observational data) have found little evidence for causal relationships between nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and cannabis use.
Link to AbstractDeath certificate reports understate the prevalence of and changes over time in opioid and heroin/synthetic opioid-involved drug mortality in the United States.
Link to AbstractAnalysis of doctor-targeted tobacco ads in US medical journals from 1936 to 1953 suggest that tobacco companies targeted physicians as a potential sales force to assuage the public's fear of health risks and to recruit them as allies against negative publicity.
Link to AbstractAs a treatment for alcohol use disorders, baclofen yields higher rates of abstinence than placebo. However, it does not appear to be better in terms of increasing number of abstinent days or decreasing heavy drinking, craving, anxiety or depression.
Link to AbstractLong-term success in Packaged Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Network Support treatments for alcohol use disorder appears to be mediated by both general mechanisms (developing coping skills and self-efficacy) and treatment-targeted mechanisms (developing network strategies that emphasize social support and avoiding friends who drink).
Link to AbstractA community-based multi-component intervention concerning alcohol sales legislation in the UK was associated with reduced sales of alcohol to pseudo-intoxicated patrons in on-licensed premises in a UK nightlife setting and improved nightlife patron awareness of associated legislation.
Link to AbstractAdults in England with probable alcohol dependence, measured through the AUDIT, demonstrate higher motivation to quit drinking and greater use of specialist treatment and self-driven support compared with other alcohol users, but most do not access treatment resources to support their attempts.
Link to AbstractAn open-access model for rapid enrolment of people with opioid use disorder in methadone treatment appears to improve treatment access, capacity, and financial sustainability without evidence of deleterious effects on treatment outcomes.
Link to AbstractIn UK general medical practice, opioid substitution treatment with buprenorphine is associated with lower mortality risk than methadone. In the population, buprenorphine is unlikely to give greater overall protection because of shorter treatment duration.
Link to AbstractAmong opioid-dependent people receiving extended release naltrexone treatment, better mental health, higher education and lower recent drug use at baseline are associated with greater treatment duration, which itself is associated with lower relapse rates and improved outcomes.
Link to AbstractIndividual differences in liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.
Link to AbstractAlthough most tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 61 countries assessed in 2016 follow the WHO's FCTC Article 14 recommendations and do not differ significantly by income level, improvements are needed in keeping guidelines up-to-date, applying good writing practices and developing a dissemination strategy.
Link to AbstractA range of smoker characteristics (psychiatric history, cigarette dependence prior use of NRT) are associated with lower cessation rates but do not substantially influence efficacy of varenicline, bupropion or NRT.
Link to AbstractCannabis use and heavy drinking across adolescence and young adulthood in rural African-Americans show several distinct developmental courses.
Link to AbstractAn internet-based brief intervention directed at unhealthy alcohol use among young men does not appear to reduce drinking over the long-term.
Link to AbstractResearch findings from the 1930s to the 1970s suggest that paranoid psychosis should be considered a probable consequence of high-dose methamphetamine use.
Link to AbstractThe proposed Screener for Substance and Behavioural Addiction is a reliable and valid measure to assess the lay public's self-attributed indicators of addiction across 10 substances and behaviours.
Link to AbstractThe relationship between evidence and drug policy action is complex and follows multiple causal pathways.
Link to AbstractThose who act on behalf of the alcohol industry are highly strategic, rhetorically sophisticated, and well organised in influencing national policy-making.
Link to AbstractConsuming alcohol may have a small effect of increasing a person's perception of the attractiveness of people of the opposite sex.
Link to AbstractReducing the serving size of alcoholic beverages in the United Kingdom appears to lead to a reduction in alcohol consumption within single drinking occasions.
Link to AbstractA text-messaging intervention to reduce binge drinking in disadvantaged men did not appear to reduce prevalence of binge drinking at 12-month followâup.
Link to AbstractIn the US, throughout emerging adulthood several sexual-minority subgroups appear to have higher odds of belonging to heavier alcohol use trajectories than those who are completely heterosexual.
Link to AbstractPeople from Finland, France and the UK who reported not drinking any alcohol over several years were absent from work due to illness more often than low-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractFrom 1989 to 2016 there appears to be a positive association (becoming weaker over time) between alcohol and cannabis consumption among Swedish adolescents who use cannabis.
Link to AbstractOklahoma's 2008 prior authorization policy for extended-release/long-acting (ER/LA) opioids may have reduced the number of opioid-naive patients initiating ER/LA opioid use by more than half while increasing short-acting opioid prescriptions by 7%.
Link to AbstractIn exploratory analyses based on young adult and middle-aged samples, normal variation in cannabis use is unrelated statistically to individual differences in brain morphology as measured by subcortical volume.
Link to AbstractThe addition of bupropion to varenicline treatment does not appear to increase smoking abstinence rates above that of varenicline alone.
Link to AbstractCompared with referral to a smoking cessation website, a USA-focused Facebook smoking cessation intervention did not improve abstinence over 1 year, but increased abstinence at the end of treatment and participants found it engaging.
Link to AbstractA single 800-mg oral dose of cannabidiol reduced the salience and pleasantness of cigarette cues, compared with placebo, after overnight cigarette abstinence in dependent smokers. It did not influence tobacco craving or withdrawal.
Link to AbstractCaffeine may promote early use of other types of substances among middle school-aged adolescents.
Link to AbstractCurrent opioid substitution therapy and high-coverage needle and syringe provision is averting substantial hepatitis C transmission in the UK. Maintaining this coverage while getting current drug injectors into treatment can reduce incidence by 90% by 2030.
Link to AbstractDr Leslie E. Keeley was a famous addiction cure doctor at the turn of the twentieth century, but mainstream medicine dismissed him as a quack. The article examines the role of contextual issues in the acceptance or rejection of theories of addiction, particularly the neuroscientific theories of the early twenty-first century.
Link to AbstractInjecting-related skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and premature mortality among people who inject drugs. There is strong evidence of an association between SSTIs and AA amyloidosis.
Link to AbstractIn 2017, the American Cancer Society and Canadian Cancer Society websites failed to state that alcohol is a group 1 carcinogen and can cause cancer at low doses, and that there is no safe threshold for cancer risk.
Link to AbstractFrequency of adolescent drinking is a major predictor of substance use problems in adulthood.
Link to AbstractFinancial troubles due to someone else's drinking and assaults perpetrated by drinking intimates (spouses, other partners or family members) are associated with worse mental health
Link to AbstractOpioid-dependent people who switch from buprenorphine-naltrexone treatment after 3 months to extended-release naltrexone (XR-N) treatment for 9 months appear to have similar treatment completion rates, abstinence rates and adverse event profiles to people on XR-N from the start of treatment.
Link to AbstractIn the US, hospitalization for toxicity from synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (Spice, Mamba) increased significantly between 2010 and 2015.
Link to AbstractUnderage gambling in Europe appears to be associated positively with alcohol, tobacco and other substance use (but not cannabis); truancy; going out at night; and active participation in sports.
Link to AbstractPeople who use e-cigarettes with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids may exhibit compensatory behaviour (e.g. higher number and duration of puffs) and higher negative affect, urge to vape and formaldehyde exposure.
Link to AbstractThe implementation of plain packaging laws in the UK was associated with increased prices of manufactured cigarettes.
Link to AbstractA novel biomagnetic technique may allow simultaneous quantification of cardiac and brain activities in buprenorphine-exposed and non-exposed fetuses in the third trimester.
Link to AbstractIn 2015, alcohol and tobacco use between them cost the human population more than a quarter of a billion disability-adjusted life years, with illicit drugs costing further tens of millions.
Link to AbstractDuring the early 1970s Denise Kandel and her colleagues documented an 'invariant sequence' in initiation of drug use: starting with alcohol and tobacco, progressing to cannabis and then to other illicit, or 'harder' drugs. This observation became known as the 'gateway sequence' of drug use.
Link to AbstractClinical referral of dual diagnosis (DD) patients to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is common. In many cases, DD patients who attend AA will report higher rates of alcohol abstinence than DD patients who do not attend AA.
Link to AbstractWhole-community interventions to reduce alcohol and other drug use and harms have seen small reductions in risky drinking, but have had little impact upon past month alcohol use, binge drinking or 12-month marijuana use and the studies have been subject to high risk of bias.
Link to AbstractIn Australia, gender convergence in risky drinking since 2001 has been evident only in people aged 50-69 years.
Link to AbstractThe more restrictive the alcohol policy in a country, the lower the rate of alcohol-related injury, with country-level drinking pattern having little effect on this relationship.
Link to AbstractYoung adults whose parents have moderate or high-risk alcohol consumption are more likely to consume alcohol than those with parents with lower alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractIn England, there appears to be an association between higher densities of alcohol outlets and higher hospital admission rates for conditions wholly attributable to alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractState-wide medical cannabis legalization appears to have been associated with reductions in prescriptions and dosages of Schedule III opioids to US Medicaid enrollees.
Link to AbstractAge at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities.
Link to AbstractNeither cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) nor cotinine accurately estimate nicotine exposure during pregnancy.
Link to AbstractThe IQOS heated tobacco product emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls than a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) but higher levels than a Nautilus Mini e-cigarette.
Link to AbstractFor US juveniles, the connection between conduct disorder and risk of early death appears to exist even when other contributing factors such as sex, ethnicity, familial factors, and substance use are removed.
Link to AbstractMost of the decline in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Scotland between 2008 and 2015 appears to be attributable to intervention scale-up due to government strategies on HCV and drugs.
Link to AbstractOrganizational change interventions within health-care services to make smoking cessation care delivery part of usual treatment offer promise for increasing smoking cessation care and reducing smoking prevalence.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be a positive association between problem gambling and shallow probability discounting (a cognitive bias that overvalues low probability gains and/or undervalues high probability losses).
Link to AbstractThe research literature suggests that alcohol hangovers may involve impaired cognitive functions and performance of everyday tasks such as driving.
Link to AbstractBinge drinking thresholds of 4+/5+ (women/men) drinks accurately predict the occurrence of consequences in general, but are too low to predict severe acute alcohol-related consequences.
Link to AbstractSpecific birth cohorts influenced the post-WWII rise in alcohol consumption by Australian women born 1920-49. Much of the convergence with men's drinking after 1980 reflects large reductions in drinking among men.
Link to AbstractThe GABBR1 rs29220 polymorphism may influence treatment response and possibly predict adverse effects to baclofen in treatment of alcohol dependence.
Link to AbstractThe age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C score is associated more strongly with genetic polymorphisms of known risk for alcohol use disorder than are longitudinal trajectories of AUDIT-C or AUD diagnostic codes.
Link to AbstractIn England, the alcohol industry appears to be highly financially dependent upon heavy drinking, and might face significant financial losses were consumers to drink within guideline levels.
Link to AbstractUnderestimation of alcohol consumption in cohort studies is less than in typical population surveys. Uplifting survey estimates to 80% of total population consumption in global burden of disease studies appears appropriate.
Link to AbstractAmong people who use illicit drugs initiating opioid agonist treatment in Vancouver, daily cannabis use was associated with approximately 21% greater odds of retention in treatment compared with less than daily consumption.
Link to AbstractOverdose prevention sites in Vancouver, Canada remain 'masculine spaces' that can jeopardize access for women who use drugs.
Link to AbstractAmong US emergency medical service patients administered naloxone for opioid overdose, those with repeat non-fatal opioid overdose events are at a much higher risk of mortality, particularly drug-related mortality, than those without repeat events.
Link to AbstractNicotine pre-loading appears to facilitate smoking abstinence by reducing urges to smoke and smoke intake before quitting and urges to smoke after quitting.
Link to AbstractVarenicline was found not to be more effective than placebo in aiding cessation of tobacco use in long-term daily waterpipe smokers.
Link to AbstractPharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programmes appear to be effective for reducing risk behaviours among people who inject drugs, although their effect on HIV/HCV prevalence and economic outcomes is unclear.
Link to AbstractThe inclusion of the birth cohort dimension improves the understanding of alcohol-attributable mortality trends in Europe.
Link to AbstractRestrictions on the availability of alcohol appear to reduce the incidence of assault.
Link to AbstractPeople in areas with greater densities of bars, restaurants and beer stores appear to be at increased risk for non-gun assault at these outlets' times of heaviest patronage.
Link to AbstractEvidence suggests three distinguishable types of trajectory for development of cannabis use disorder starting in early teens: (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk.
Link to AbstractHIV prevalence has declined in New York City (NYC), USA and a high percentage of HIV-positive non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) are receiving antiretroviral treatment, suggesting an end to the HIV epidemic among NIDUs in NYC.
Link to AbstractThe supply of take-home naloxone kits through a national programme in Scotland was not associated clearly with a decrease in ambulance attendance at opioid-related overdose incidents in the 4-year period after it was implemented in April 2011.
Link to AbstractIn a survey of Maryland, USA physicians, most participants reported that prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) improved their opioid prescribing by decreasing prescription amounts and increasing their comfort with prescribing opioids.
Link to AbstractLaws prohibiting the sales of tobacco to minors in Europe do not appear to be associated with a reduction in adolescent smoking rates, but they lower the perceived obtainability of cigarettes.
Link to AbstractMore than one-third of people quitting smoking report extreme craving, negative affective or hunger responses on their quit day. These withdrawal symptom patterns are related to baseline characteristics, treatment and cessation success.
Link to AbstractDespite a decline in smoking prevalence, the majority of snus users in Norway are still former or current smokers.
Link to AbstractIn current smokers, a reduction in nicotine content may reduce cigarette consumption, reduce the reinforcement value of cigarettes and increase cessation if reduced nicotine content cigarettes are the only cigarette available for purchase.
Link to AbstractThe magnetic resonance imaging literature provides a limited but convergent picture of the neurobiology of addiction as global changes to brain structure and functional disturbances to frontostriatal circuitry, accompanied by changes in anterior white matter.
Link to AbstractA new application of incentive learning theory posits that depressed smokers experience greater increases in the expected value of smoking in the face three motivational states: low positive affect, high negative affect and cognitive impairment.
Link to AbstractGiven the current evidence, it isn't possible to make conclusive recommendations about the safety and efficacy of opium tincture for treating opioid dependence.
Link to AbstractYoung adults report consuming more drinks per hour when drinking with mixed-gender groups than with same-gender groups.
Link to AbstractPractising tasks before drinking moderates the acute effects of alcohol on the ability to switch between tasks.
Link to AbstractPatient-centered methadone treatment (with optional counseling and with the counselor not serving as the treatment program disciplinarian) does not appear to be more effective than methadone treatment-as-usual.
Link to AbstractElectronic tracking systems can reduce people's capacity to produce methamphetamine domestically, but seem unlikely to affect methamphetamine possession, distribution and importation.
Link to AbstractHair analysis provides an unreliable marker of substance use in general population samples. People who report more frequent substance use before age 18 are less likely to later deny previous substance use at age 18 than people who report occasional use.
Link to AbstractBetween 2003 and 2013, Australian health-care professionals averaged 37 deaths per year attributed to drug toxicity, with a mortality rate of nearly five deaths per 1000 employed HCPs.
Link to AbstractChildren in Australia documented as having been maltreated are more likely to use cannabis 1) before 17, 2) as an adult, and 3) daily and meet DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence.
Link to AbstractLarge randomized trials of naloxone to prevent opioid deaths are feasible with prison populations. Giving prisoners take-home emergency naloxone prior to release may prevent heroin overdose deaths among ex-prisoners and the wider population.
Link to AbstractThe prevalence of cannabis use has increased significantly in recent years among US adults aged ⥠50 years.
Link to AbstractSmokers do not appear to have a significantly earlier age of psychosis onset than non-smokers after taking into account cannabis use and gender.
Link to AbstractThe Healthy School and Drugs programme adapted for secondary special education in the Netherlands lacked clear evidence for effects on all outcomes.
Link to AbstractDivorce and alcohol use disorder are correlated strongly in the Swedish population, and the heritability of divorce is consistent with previous studies.
Link to AbstractNearly one-third of fatal injuries in Sao Paulo between June 2014 and December 2015 were alcohol-related, with traffic accidents showing a greater association with alcohol use than other injuries.
Link to AbstractExcessive alcohol use during adolescence appears to be associated with an abnormal development of the brain grey matter. Structural changes in the insula of alcohol users may reflect reduced sensitivity to alcohol's negative subjective effects.
Link to AbstractSexual minority youth in the US appear to be at disproportionate risk for concurrent past-year polysubstance use compared with their same-gender, completely heterosexual youth.
Link to AbstractIn Australia between 2003 and 2013 there were on average eight acute poisoning deaths in children each year, most commonly involving prescription opioids and adolescents, with a downward trend in mortality since 2003.
Link to AbstractDutch drug users increasingly purchase drugs on-line, especially new psychoactive substances. Purity and adulteration do not vary considerably between drugs purchased on-line and off-line for most substances, but on-line prices are mostly higher than off-line prices.
Link to AbstractLower cognitive ability, measured in childhood before smoking is initiated, appears to predict a higher likelihood of taking up smoking and a lower likelihood of quitting in adulthood. Educational attainment appears to mediate this effect.
Link to AbstractBased on functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye-tracking data, health warnings appear to be more noticeable on 'plain' cigarette packs than branded packs.
Link to AbstractText-messaging programs for smoking cessation appear to work by promoting improvements in the psychosocial processes related to quitting rather than through the use of additional smoking cessation services.
Link to AbstractPeople who use cannabis while undergoing treatment for an alcohol use disorder have fewer days of alcohol abstinence at the end of treatment compared with non-cannabis users; however, this relationship is present only among those who use cannabis once or twice per month.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be reciprocal relationships among emotion regulation strategies and substance use: greater daytime use of distraction, reappraisal, and problem solving predicts lower evening substance use, while higher evening substance use predicts higher next-day avoidance and reappraisal but lower next-day problem-solving.
Link to AbstractEvidence suggests that less than 20% of the total adult per-capita alcohol consumption in South Africa is reported in surveys.
Link to AbstractGestational age (pre-term, term or late term) at birth appears to be unrelated to the need for pharmacotherapy to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome in late pre-term and term infants. Treatment may tend to be given for longer in term than pre-term or late term infants.
Link to AbstractNeuroimaging data have the potential to be much better predictors of alcohol use than they currently are.
Link to AbstractDental patients with substance use disorders have more tooth decay and periodontal disease than the general population, but are less likely to receive dental care.
Link to AbstractCosts of hospital care for patients with alcoholic liver disease are higher than those for patients with other alcohol-related diagnoses.
Link to AbstractAdolescent drinking in Norway appears to be related inversely to parents' social standing. The elevated risk of low socio-economic status vanishes when general parenting, alcohol-related parental permissiveness and parents' drinking are accounted for.
Link to AbstractNorwegian adults aged 40-80 years with a high tendency to experience negative emotions are at greater risk of heavy drinking approximately 5 years later than those with a low tendency to experience negative emotions.
Link to AbstractIn England, socio-economic differences in harmful drinking patterns (specifically, conditions associated with dependence and intoxication) may contribute to the 'alcohol harm paradox', in which people of low socioeconomic status have higher levels of alcohol-related ill health than people of higher status despite drinking the same amounts of alcohol.
Link to AbstractBrief intervention delivered in primary care for screen-identified drug use does not appear to increase addiction treatment receipt significantly; a motivational interviewing approach appears to be counterproductive.
Link to AbstractIncentives for naltrexone adherence increase opiate abstinence in heroin-dependent adults, an effect that appears to be caused by the increased naltrexone adherence produced by the incentives.
Link to AbstractIn publicly funded drug treatment facilities in California, USA, engagement in treatment for opioid use disorders is associated with lower costs of crime in the 6 months following initiation of treatment, and the economic benefits are far greater for individuals receiving time-unlimited treatment.
Link to AbstractDrug-relevant memory associations play a key role in drug use behavior in at-risk youth.
Link to AbstractThe likelihood that a non-daily tobacco smoker in the US will remain a stable non-daily smoker or transition to either daily use or non-use is associated with socio-demographic factors and current use of cigars and smokeless tobacco.
Link to AbstractA contingency management/financial incentive program delivered via the internet improved short-term smoking abstinence rates compared with an internet program without the incentives.
Link to AbstractAn elevated response to unexpected negative feedback in parts of the brain (specifically bilateral amygdala and anterior hippocampus) appears to predict relapse to substance use in people attending community-based treatment.
Link to AbstractThe proportion of US smokers making a serious quit attempt has increased since 2009, due to an upward trend since 2011. The 2014 serious quit attempt rate was 55.0%.
Link to AbstractQ-learning (a new data analysis method) can inform the development of more cost-effective, adaptive treatment strategies for treating substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractExisting economic evaluations of smoking cessation interventions lack information on one or more key study attributes necessary to be fully transferable to a new context.
Link to AbstractResearch since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered.
Link to AbstractIn Sweden exposure to increased alcohol availability during adolescence appears to be associated with an increased risk of receiving a disability pension in later life.
Link to AbstractIn Chile, men are at higher risk than women of being a passenger with an alcohol-impaired driver (PAID).
Link to AbstractCash incentives linked to a transdermal alcohol sensor can reduce heavy alcohol consumption while the incentives are in operation.
Link to AbstractThe use of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder has increased markedly in the United States, but a substantial proportion of patients fill prescriptions for non-buprenorphine opioids during and following such treatment.
Link to AbstractHeroin users in Australia show widely varying patterns of use over a 10-year period and it is proving difficult to predict which users will show which pattern.
Link to AbstractPatients in Eastern Europe with opioid dependence are likely to experience additional barriers to accessing opioids over and above those experienced by non-dependent patients.
Link to AbstractParticipants in randomized controlled trials of pharmacological treatments for methamphetamine use disorder who are able to achieve a brief period of early abstinence are retained longer in the trials and are less likely to drop out overall.
Link to AbstractGambling disorder is associated with greater use of emotional suppression and middle frontal gyrus activation for regulating negative emotions, compared with healthy controls; both are linked with negative emotion-driven impulsivity in this disorder.
Link to AbstractParticipant drop-out in a 35-day trial of varying levels of reduced nicotine content cigarettes was greater for cigarettes with lower nicotine content and less in smokers reporting more favourable subjective ratings of the cigarettes.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is feasible and safe for treatment of opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder in HIV clinics. Treatment initiation appears to be lower and retention greater for XR-NTX compared with treatment as usual.
Link to AbstractThere is evidence of an adverse association between substance use and sleep disturbance, which includes higher frequency of all substance use before substance misuse treatment and higher rates of cocaine use after a treatment episode.
Link to AbstractRisk of adolescent alcohol misuse is positively associated with parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking and is negatively associated with parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement.
Link to AbstractBaclofen administered at 30 mg/day does not appear to be superior to placebo in increasing abstinence or in reducing alcohol use, cravings for alcohol or anxiety among people with alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, approximately 12% of people who reach retirement age experience a temporary increase in alcohol consumption to risky levels, while approximately 7% experience a slow decline in risky levels of alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractA greater degree of familial alcoholism is associated with a steeper decline in impulsive choice among adolescents who do not drink. More life-time drinks during adolescence is associated with increases in impulsive choice.
Link to AbstractAmong people receiving Veterans Health Administration care in the US, current substance use disorders (SUDs) signal increased suicide risk, especially among women.
Link to AbstractAdults with chronic pain receiving out-patient treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP-NLX) for prescription opioid addiction have an elevated risk for opioid use when tapering off maintenance treatment.
Link to AbstractThe findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for substance use disorder treatment do not appear to be generalizable to target populations when the RCT samples do not reflect the target populations and there is treatment effect heterogeneity across patient subgroups.
Link to AbstractAdolescents with weak working memory have less control over impulsive urges, placing them at risk for later substance use disorder.
Link to AbstractTobacco control television mass media campaigns broadcast in Scotland between 2003 and 2012 were effective in triggering calls to Smokeline (a national telephone support service for quitting smoking) but did not significantly increase the use of prescribed nicotine replacement therapy by adult smokers.
Link to AbstractA text-messaging programme may increase cessation rates in pregnant smokers when provided alongside routine NHS cessation care.
Link to AbstractSubstance use disorders are strongly associated with risk of suicide and suicide attempts in people with severe mental illness.
Link to AbstractA midazolam-droperidol combination appears to provide more rapid sedation of patients with methamphetamine-related acute agitation than droperidol or olanzapine alone.
Link to AbstractUsing information from data linkage to adjust for non-response bias in health surveys can improve estimates of alternative harmful behaviours.
Link to AbstractBased on theoretical model projections, chronic hepatitis C in Greece could be eliminated in the next 4-5 years by increasing treatment to more than 16% of people who inject drugs per year combined with moderate increases in harm reduction coverage.
Link to AbstractIncarceration and the elevated transmission risk following prison release can contribute significantly to hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractAmong patients receiving treatment for an alcohol use disorder, those who relapse during follow-up have higher novelty-seeking behaviour, lower persistence, lower reward dependence and lower cooperativeness than those who do not relapse.
Link to AbstractAlcohol-dependent men and women have significantly higher risks of a comprehensive spectrum of somatic (body-related) diseases relative to the general population.
Link to AbstractThe total number of drinks consumed in a risky single occasion drinking session appears to rise independently with the duration of the event, the number of drinking locations, and the number of different types of beverage consumed.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be two major genetic factors contributing to the risk of alcohol use disorder among Swedish men: one beginning at ages 18-25 and another, of less impact, beginning at ages 26-33.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be socio-economic disparities in the receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder in Sweden.
Link to AbstractAn emergency department-based motivational brief intervention, delivered by a therapist and guided by computer, appears to reduce drug use among adults seeking emergency department care.
Link to AbstractIn an English national study, prison-based opioid substitution therapy was associated with a 75% reduction in all-cause mortality and an 85% reduction in fatal drug-related poisoning in the first month after prison release.
Link to AbstractThe two steps in treatment cascade for HIV-positive PWID in St Petersburg, RF and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia requiring greatest improvement are retention in regular care and initiation of HAART.
Link to AbstractThere is an elevated risk of death from drug overdose among individuals released from Norwegian prisons, peaking in the first week, and greatest for those having served 3-12 months.
Link to AbstractWhile extended-release naltrexone appears to increase both quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and abstinence, it does not appear to be cost-effective due to the high price of injections.
Link to AbstractExtending cognitive-behavioral therapy from 26 to 48 weeks does not appear to improve long-term abstinence from smoking.
Link to AbstractIt is not clear whether a brief intervention associated with the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test is more effective than an informational pamphlet in reducing alcohol and illicit substance consumption in non-treatment-seeking, primary care users with moderate risk.
Link to AbstractPsychoactive drug use is generally low in Iraq, tobacco being highest at an estimated 23.2%. Iraqi women report significantly less substance use than Iraqi men. Discrepancy between self-report and 'knowing someone who uses a substance' suggests under-reporting.
Link to AbstractWomen who inject drugs in Northeast India have a high HIV prevalence, which was more than double their hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence, an opposite pattern than is observed typically among men who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractStudies that do not account for the effects of gender and age on the measurement of alcohol use may be statistically biased.
Link to AbstractInternet interventions can yield small but significant reduction in illicit substance use.
Link to AbstractIf low-risk alcohol guidelines were based on an acceptable risk of one in 1000 premature deaths, maximums for Europe should be 8-10 g/day for women and 15-20 g/day for men, and some current guidelines would need downward revision.
Link to AbstractCoping activities seem to be a mechanism of change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder among clients with high dependence severity, but not low dependence severity.
Link to AbstractRates and costs of US hospital admissions related to heroin and prescription opioid overdose increased substantially from 2001 to 2012.
Link to AbstractPeople who transition from stimulant use to stimulant use disorder appear to show specific types of neural activity that may constitute a high-risk addiction profile.
Link to AbstractFor heroin users, the combination of opioids with gabapentin or pregabalin potentially increases the risk of acute overdose death.
Link to AbstractThe number of US hospital admissions involving neonatal abstinence syndrome increased more than fourfold between 2003 and 2012. In 2012, neonatal abstinence syndrome cost nearly $316 million.
Link to AbstractMaltreatment while a child is associated with an increased risk of non-medical use of prescription drugs among Chinese adolescents.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be no difference in smoking cessation effectiveness between 1 mg and 0.5 mg varenicline, both administered twice daily for 8 weeks.
Link to AbstractAmong people who smoke, those also using an e-cigarette regularly are more likely to try to quit smoking and reduce their cigarette consumption during the next 6 months.
Link to AbstractThe association between high novelty seeking and substance use disorders is not explained by common underlying individual factors and environmental exposures; thus, novelty seeking may play a causal role in the development of substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractWomen with substance use disorders are less likely to use prescription contraceptives but not less likely to adhere to them once prescribed.
Link to AbstractConcentrated naloxone nasal spray has a promising pharmacokinetic profile, with substantial bioavailability. Its early absorption time-course suggests it is suitable for emergency administration in the community.
Link to AbstractThe four-dimensional Electronic Gaming Motives Questionnaire is a valid instrument for measuring motives for gaming.
Link to AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment appears to help HIV-HCV co-infected patients reduce alcohol use.
Link to AbstractFrom 1966 to 2015, approximately a quarter of newly incarcerated prisoners of both sexes across 10 countries had an alcohol use disorder, and the prevalence of a drug use disorder was at least as high in men, and higher in women.
Link to AbstractWhile Australian adolescents' exposure to alcohol advertising on television reduced between 1999 and 2011, higher levels of past-month television alcohol advertising were associated with an increased likelihood of adolescents' drinking.
Link to AbstractIn Danish men aged 18-60, both alcohol abstinence and heavy consumption are associated with increased subsequent risk of unemployment and sickness absence compared with low consumption. In Danish women, abstainers have increased risk of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension, while binge drinkers are more likely to become unemployed subsequently.
Link to AbstractAmong US military personnel, attitudes to drinking appear to mediate the association between descriptive norms (what most people in a group think, feel, or do) and injunctions norms (what most people in a group approve of) about alcohol and subsequent level of alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractUS states that have more robust prescription drug monitoring programs (PMPs) have fewer prescription opioid overdose deaths than states with weaker PMPs.
Link to AbstractPrescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are associated with reductions in opioid use among disabled and older adult Medicare beneficiaries in the United States compared with states that do not have PDMPs.
Link to AbstractThe UK government's 2015 temporary class drug order on ethylphenidate was effective in reducing infections among people who inject drugs during an outbreak situation in Lothian, Scotland.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to improve the chances of achieving at least 3 months of smoking abstinence in smokers with substance use disorders trying to stop, compared with transdermal nicotine patches, the effect being independent of history of depressive disorder.
Link to AbstractYoung adults in Colorado, USA, perceive the harms and benefits of tobacco and marijuana in terms of potency, chemical additives, addiction, combustible versus non-combustible products, and source of information.
Link to AbstractBetween 2014 and 2016, monthly changes in prevalence of smoking in England were associated positively with prevalence of high-risk drinking.
Link to AbstractAmount of coffee consumption is unlikely to have a major causal impact upon amount of cigarette smoking.
Link to AbstractThe median purchase price of illicit cigarettes is higher than that of legal cigarette packs in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia appear to have few or no illicit cigarettes for purchase from formal, urban retailers.
Link to AbstractCompared with placebo, patients receiving pioglitazone show a higher likelihood of reduced cocaine craving and improved brain white matter integrity as a function of time in treatment.
Link to AbstractIn Wales, UK, an Environmental Health Practitioner-led intervention in premises licensed for the sale and on-site consumption of alcohol resulted in an increase in police recorded violence.
Link to AbstractThe likelihood of abstinent remission among people with alcohol use disorder appears to be more than three times greater for individuals who are related to an abstinent proband versus those related to a proband with persistent alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractSocio-economic differences in alcohol use only explain a quarter of the socio-economic position differences in alcohol-related disorders in Stockholm, Sweden.
Link to AbstractLesbian/gay and bisexual youth in Canada show elevated rates of alcohol use compared with heterosexual youth.
Link to AbstractIn Canada, setting a minimum price for alcohol has been associated with a reduction in alcohol attributable hospitalizations.
Link to AbstractYouth with more chronic or severe forms of depression during early adolescence may be at elevated risk for developing cannabis use disorder compared with youth with fewer depressive symptoms.
Link to AbstractPatterns of cannabis use frequency in US male adolescents could affect mood symptoms and educational attainment in early adulthood via altered function in neural reward circuitry.
Link to AbstractApproaches to measuring adolescent cannabis use that account for realistic use opportunities are critical to understanding underage cannabis use. Delineation of realistic opportunities from behaviours conditioned upon such opportunities is generalizable to a range of public health issues.
Link to AbstractNon-medical marijuana laws enacted in US states are associated with increased marijuana use, but only among adults aged 26+ years.
Link to AbstractRates of Oregon college students' marijuana use increased (relative to that of students in other states) following recreational marijuana legislation in 2015, but only for those who reported recent heavy use of alcohol.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine appears to be the most cost-effective treatment for people with untreated opioid addiction who visit US emergency departments.
Link to AbstractLongitudinal data in Canada suggest low-risk gambling thresholds of eight times per month, $75CAN total per month and 1.7% of income spent on gambling.
Link to AbstractFewer than half the Parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have implemented the recommendations of Article 14 and its guidelines to promote tobacco cessation and implement effective measures to help tobacco users quit.
Link to AbstractA very brief, proactive, low-cost smoking-reduction intervention without medications for Chinese male smokers with no intention to quit appears to increase smoking abstinence.
Link to AbstractThree personality traits (urgency, sensation-seeking and low conscientiousness), when measured in 11-year-old children, predict those children's drinking and smoking behavior individually at age 15.
Link to AbstractA refinement of Rehm et al.'s approach to adjusting for underreporting in the estimation of alcohol-attributable fractions provides more flexibility.
Link to AbstractInjection drug use initiation is a dynamic process shaped by social and structural factors. Interventions should seek to modify the contexts for initiation.
Link to AbstractLow-risk drinking is achievable for some individuals as they undergo treatment for alcohol dependence.
Link to AbstractIn Taiwan, heavy and regular alcohol consumption are associated with higher risks of active tuberculosis.
Link to AbstractImpairments in attention and executive functioning are positively associated with substance use in the US general population.
Link to AbstractAlcohol use severity is associated with widespread lower gray matter volume and white matter integrity in adults, and with lower gray matter volume in adolescents.
Link to AbstractA novel integrated 12-Step facilitation treatment for adolescent substance use disorder showed benefits in terms of 12-Step attendance and consequences and may provide an integrated evidence-based option compatible with existing practices.
Link to AbstractIn the state of Washington, USA, the legal cannabis market is currently dominated by high-THC cannabis flowers, with growing expenditures on extracts. For cannabis flowers, both THC and cannabidiol concentration are associated with higher per-gram prices.
Link to AbstractIn mid-adolescence, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) is associated with subsequent marijuana use escalation, but marijuana use escalation does not appear to be associated with subsequent anhedonia.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine death rates doubled in Australia from 2009 to 2015. While toxicity was the most frequent cause, natural disease, suicide and accident comprised more than half of deaths.
Link to AbstractThe US federal ban on marijuana has manifested as a patchwork of regulatory strategies not uniformly consistent with the approach usually taken by the Federal government and of unknown effectiveness.
Link to AbstractOlder adults who use bus tours to access Canadian gambling venues have an increased likelihood of problem gambling.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, high rates (40%) of recently hospitalized smokers enrolled in smoking cessation trials fail biochemical verification of their self-reported abstinence.
Link to AbstractIn people seeking help to stop smoking, one-off brief advice from a GP appears to be as effective as several sessions of behavioural support from a practice nurse when smoking cessation medication is provided.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Finland, adolescents' personal income is related positively to smoking behaviours independent of family socio-economic status.
Link to AbstractStakeholders in tobacco control and smoking cessation research identified electronic cigarettes, addressing inequalities, and mental health and other substance abuse as key areas for research.
Link to Abstract
